5^th World Congress on Physics July 17-18, 2018 Prague, Czech Republic

Atomic and molecular physics is a field specialized in physics. Atomic Physics includes the study of isolation and separation of ions and atoms, along with electron arrangements and excitation. It deals with “Atom” which consists of both Nucleus and Electrons, whereas Molecular physics is the study of molecules that have several atoms which specifically check for molecule's chemical bonding, nuclei and electrons when the molecule is in its gas phase. It also studies regarding the effects due to the molecular structure. Atomic Physics came into picture after the discovery that the matter is composed of smallest particles called “Atoms”. Atomic models comprises of only one nucleus which is surrounded by one or more bound electrons, whilst molecular models is generally deals with molecular hydrogen and its ion and also with processes such as ionization and excitation by photons.

Acoustics means study of sounds or the branch of physics that deals with sounds because of mechanical waves in glasses, liquids and solids. It also includes concepts such as vibration, ultrasound and infrasound. Audio and noise control industries find the application of acoustics in their respective domains.

The word “acoustic” is taken from Greek language whose meaning is “of or for hearing, ready to hear”. Latin word for the word “acoustics” is “Sonic”. The words “Ultrasonic” and “Infrasonic” are used to refer the frequencies above and below the audible range respectively.

The investigation of acoustics rotates around the age, spread and gathering of mechanical waves and vibrations. There are numerous sorts of cause, both common and volitional. There are numerous sorts of transduction process that change over vitality from some other frame into sonic vitality, creating a sound wave. There is one key condition that depicts sound wave proliferation, the acoustic wave condition, yet the wonders that rise up out of it are fluctuated and frequently perplexing.

Condensed matter Physics deals with the study of physical properties of condensed phases of matter, in which particles stick to each other. The people who study this subject tries to understand the behavior of the matter’s phases by using the physical laws in general and in particular the laws of quantum mechanics, electromagnetism and statistical mechanics. In general condensed phases include solids and liquids whereas in rare cases certain materials exhibit superconducting phase at low temperatures. The name “Condensed Matter” was proposed by Philip Warren Anderson and Volker Heine. Condensed matter physics study includes determining various material properties using techniques of theoretical physics  in understanding physical behavior of matter.

Quantum Physics is the study of the particles at quantum level. Plausibility is utilized as a part of this. Use of quantum mechanics in application to condensed matter physics is a wide range area of research. Both hypothetical research and practical is directly going ahead on the universe in quantum electronics, quantum computers, gadgets utilizing both quantum mechanics and condensed matter physics, then again theoretical physics.

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (Laser). The first laser device was a pulsed ruby laser, demonstrated by Theodore H. Maiman in the 1960s at Hughes Research Laboratories, based on theoretical work by Charles Hard Townes and Arthur Leonard Schawlow. In the same year, the first gas laser, a helium–neon laser and the first laser diode were made. Semiconductor lasers, that are predominantly laser diodes, that are electrically or optically pumped, efficiently generating very high output powers, but typically with poor beam quality, or low powers with very good spatial properties for application in media players, or pulses for example for telecom applications with very high pulse repetition rates. Special types include quantum cascade lasers for mid-infrared light and surface-emitting semiconductor lasers, the latter also being suitable for pulse generation with high powers.

In the high-energy nuclear physics the main focus of study is on heavy-ion collisions when compared to lower atomic mass atoms in particle accelerators. Here, we can say that nuclear matter is on the level of its fundamental constituents such as quarks and gluons. The phase transition between DE confined quark-gluon matter, normal quark-gluon matter and normal nuclear matter is called as Quark Gluon Plasma. In the very high energy collisions of heavy nuclei quarks and gluons are released from the hadronic bounds of matter and therefore the new state of matter is formed which is also called as Quark-gluon plasma. The transition from the hadronic matter where neutrons, protons and other hadrons are individual particles to the quark-gluon plasma phase which is a definite prediction to the theory of strong interactions. Generally, the high energy collisions of heavy nuclei that is 'Plasma' lives only for 10-22 sec because it gets back to the hadronic phase when its rapid expansion is cooled down.

Material Science is the study of the relationship among different aspects such as properties, structure, performance and processing among the materials. It involves around the discovery and design of unknown and new materials with more significance given to solids. The foundation of material science had only started when researchers began performing analytical thinking from chemistry, physics and engineering to understand the earliest observations in metallurgy as well as mineralogy. Materials science is a syncretic study of ceramics, hybridizing metallurgy, solid-state physics and chemistry. It is the first academic discipline evolved by fusion rather than fission.

The term plasma refers to the fourth state of matter. The plasma is not only most energetic but also most challenging for researchers in the state of matter. The applications of plasma can even provide the major benefits over existing methods. Often the processes can be performed that are not even possible in any other manner. Plasma can also provide an efficiency increase in the processing methods and also very often can reduce the environmental impact in comparison to more conventional processes. Electric conductivity in magnetized and non-magnetized plasma.

Magnetism arises from two sources 1) Electric Current and 2) Spin Magnetic moments of elementary particles. Mostly effects of magnetism are seen in Ferromagnetic materials, which are strongly attracted by magnetic fields and which can become permanent magnet in a long exposition by magnetization. Iron, nickel, cobalt and their alloys are most commonly known ferromagnetic materials. Lodestone, a form of natural iron ore called magnetite is the first material in which permanent magnetism was found. There are many types of magnetic materials such as paramagnetic substances, diamagnetic substances and antiferromagnetic substances. But the force of these materials is too weak and can only be detected by laboratory instruments. The magnetic state depends on temperature, pressure and the applied magnetic field.

Computational Physics is the branch of science that deals with implementation of numerical analysis and its execution to solve problems in physics for which a quantitative hypothesis and theory is already there. Earlier Computational Physics was primarily used for modern computers in science, and it has become a subset of computational science recently. Many a times it is treated as akin to theoretical and experimental physics. Mathematical Physics is a branch of applied mathematics which deals with the development of appropriate mathematical methods to solve problems in physics and for the formulation of physical theories. Thus Mathematical Physics can be explained as “the application of mathematics to problems in Physics and the improvement of numerical techniques reasonable for such applications and for the detailing of physical theories”.

The electromagnetic force assumes a noteworthy part in deciding the inner properties of most protests experienced in everyday life. Standard issue takes its frame because of intermolecular powers between singular atoms and Molecules in matter, and is an appearance of the electromagnetic force. Electrons are bound by the electromagnetic force to nuclear cores, and their orbital shapes and their effect on adjacent particles with their electrons is depicted by quantum mechanics. The electromagnetic power administers the procedures associated with science, which emerge from connections between the electrons of neighboring atoms.

Applied physics is the science which is considered as a bridge between physics and engineering. It is intended for particular technology or practical use. Applied Physics is originated from the fundamental truths and basic concepts of Physical sciences and utilization of scientific principles in practical devices and systems, and in the application of physics in other areas of science. For example, the inspiration and approach of specialists and the idea of the relationship to the innovation of science that may be influenced by the work. It as a rule contrasts from building in that a connected physicist may not be planning something in particular, but instead is utilizing physics or directing physical science inquire about with the point of growing new advances or settling a designing issue. This approach is similar to that of Applied mathematics.

Nanotechnology is the branch of innovation that deals with measurements and resiliences of under 100 nanometres, particularly the control of individual particles and atoms. Its applications include different sorts of distinguishing components, for example, carbon nanotubes, zinc oxide nanowires or palladium nanoparticles can be utilized as a part of nanotechnology-based sensors..

Medical physics is also called as biomedical physics or applied physics in medicine. Medical physics departments are generally found in hospitals or universities. The applications of Medical physics include scientific problem solving, comprehensive problem solving of less than optimal performance or optimized use of medical devices, identification and elimination of possible causes.

Spintronics is a novel area in nano scale electronics that deals with the sensing and manipulation of electron spin. This involves the detection and manipulation of the spin of electrons. Electron spin can be sensed as a magnetic field having one of two orientations, known as down and up. This gives away two additional binary states to the conventional low and high logic values. These values are represented by simple currents. With the addition of the spin state to the mix, a bit can have four possible states, which is be called down-low, down-high, up-low, and up-high. These four states represent quantum bits (qubits). This advanced technology has been tested in critical devices as the hard – drives with their mass-storage components.

Physicists use theoretical and experimental methods to develop justifications of the goings-on in nature. Surprisingly, many occurrences such as electrical conduction can be elaborated through relatively streamlined mathematical pictures — models that were landscaped well before the coming of modern computation. And then there are affairs in nature that push even the limits of high performance computing and advanced experimental tools. Computers specially struggle at simulating systems made of numerous particles--or many-bodies – engaging with each other through multiple competing pathways. Yet, some of the most provocative physics happens when the individual particle conduct give way to emergent collective properties. The theory of Quantum Thermodynamic Motion (or QTM) is an area of physics which provides a assembled framework of comprehending for the behavior of complex assemblies, namely their constitute particles and force interactions. In general terms, the many-body hypothesis describes effects that demonstrate themselves in a system which contains a large numbers of non-trivial forces (e.g. particles and fields). While the basal laws of physics that govern the bodies of motion on each individual particle may or may not be trivial, the study of systems collective particles may display extremely complex phenomena. As often is the case in which a tangled array of forces reveal nascent phenomenon which oft bear little or no commonality to the underlying system dynamics.

Advanced materials represent those materials which have advancements over the traditional ones which have been used for hundreds and thousands of years. It refers to modification to existing ones to obtain superior performance that is more important for application under consideration. They also showcase or exhibit novel properties. . The improvement of advanced materials is related with the recent knowledge and intellectual property.  It incorporates full cycle shape materials extraction and essential creation.

The study of materials which is related to the design, synthesis, characterization, and application of organic small molecules or polymers that show desirable electronic properties such as conductivity is known as Organic Electronics. Organic electronic materials are developed from carbon-based small molecules or polymers using artificial strategies unlike conventional inorganic conductors and semiconductors. The most attractive property of polymeric conductors includes electrical conductivity that changes due to the concentration of dopants. Other properties are mechanical flexibility and high thermal stability.

A form of carbon that consists of single layer of carbon atoms which are arranged in hexagonal lattice shape is called Graphene. In other allotropes of carbon such as graphite, charcoal, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes, Graphene acts as the basic structural element. The name ‘Graphene’ is a named after the combination of graphite and suffix “–ene” (named by Hanns-Peter Boehm), which means single layer of carbon foils. It is a crystalline allotrope of carbon with two-dimensional properties. Its carbon atoms are closely packed in hexagonal chicken wire pattern and because of which its stability is high. It can self-repair holes in its sheets, when exposed to molecules containing carbon as the atoms perfectly align into hexagons, completely filling the holes.

Experimental Physics is an contradiction to Theoretical Physics. It tries to investigate physical wonders to affirm or prevent the expectations from securing hypothesis. Experimental physics for the most part concentrates on the instruments and the information it yields. In Experimental physics, Theoretical models are tried and new models are manufactured.

Nano-scale Physics is the study of a Nano scale system which is a structure with at least one dimension in nanometer scale. It straddles the differences between the molecular and the macroscopic. Nano scale particles are small enough to exhibit important characteristics of molecules but are large enough for their properties to be intended and controlled to meet human needs. The surfaces have a measurement on nanoscale which is called Nano textured surfaces. Nanoscale structure is most commonly called as ultrastructure. Due to the enhanced role of surface atoms with their unpaired spins and uncompensated bonds; the reduced dimensionality at the nanoscale; and quantum confinement and/or coherence effects, Physics at the nanometer scale is massively different from that of bulk materials.

Soft condensed matter is a youthful turf of condensed matter.  Liquids, colloids, polymers, foams, gels, granular materials, liquid crystals, and a number of biological materials are examples of soft condensed matter. Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, is the "founding father of soft matter". The word soft in this setting does not have anything to do with the non-abrasiveness of the resulting material, but it is only an intermediary to the traditional idea of the particles. Soft particles self organizes themselves to mesoscopic physical structures which are larger than microscopic structures such as atom and molecules and yet are smaller than macroscopic structures. The molecules are organized into a crystalline lattice with no changes in the pattern at any mesoscopic scale in soft condensed matter physics.

Material Physics is the study of physics which describe the physical properties of materials. It is a combination of chemistry, solid mechanics, material science and solid state physics. It is a subset of condensed matter physics and applies its concept in complex multiphase media. A material is characterized as a substance that is expected to be utilized for specific applications. There are a horde of materials around us they can be found in anything from buildings to spacecraft. Crystalline and non-crystalline are two classes of Materials. Materials physics is an amalgamation of the subjects of materials like metals, semiconductors, earthenware production and polymers. New and propelled materials that are being produced incorporate Nano-materials and bio-materials etc.

The study of plasmas in the earth’s atmosphere which occur naturally is known as Space Physics. Wide range of topics such as heliophysics which includes the solar physics of the Sun: the solar wind, planetary magnetospheres and ionospheres, auroras, cosmic rays, and synchrotron radiation come under Space Physics. Space Physics and Astrophysics are two different concepts in that space physics consists of situ measurements of high altitude rockets and spaceships. Space Physics mainly studies regarding the space weather which explains not only the understanding of universe, but also everyday life practicalities such as operation of communications and weather satellites.